Diabetes is a disorder that affects the way your body uses food for energy. Normally, the sugar you take in is digested and broken down to a simple sugar, known as glucose. The glucose then circulates in your blood where it waits to enter cells to be used as fuel.Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps move the glucose into cells. A healthy pancreas adjusts the amount of insulin based on the level of glucose. But, if you havediabetes, this process breaks down, and blood sugar levels become too high.

There are two main types of full-blown diabetes. People with Type 1 diabetes are completely unable to produce insulin. People with Type 2 diabetes can produce insulin, but their cells don't respond to it. In either case, the glucose can't move into the cells and blood glucose levels can become high. Over time, these high glucose levels can cause serious complications. 3rd type is Gestational diabetes is a disease when a pregnant women who never had the disease, suddenly during pregnancy had high blood sugar, precedes development of Type 2 diabetes. Others are Congenital, Drug induced etc.

Hereditary or Inherited:It is strongly believed that is due to some genes which passes from one generation to another. It depends upon closeness of blood relationship as mother is diabetes risk is 2 to 3%, father is diabetic risk is more than the previous case and if both the parents are diabetic, it has much greater risk for diabetes.

• Probable Age of Infection: Increased age is a factor which gives more possibility than in younger age. This disease may occur at any age, but 80% of cases occur after 50 year,but due to sedentry and wrong way of life style followed by new generation,disease is getting effected to younger age group too.

• Poor Diet (Malnutrition Related diabetes): Improper nutrition, low protein and fibre intake, high intake of refined products and fast food application to life are the basic reasons for the growth of the disease.

• Obesity and Fat Distribution: Apple-shaped figure Individuals who carry most of their weight in the trunk of their bodies (i.e., above the hips) tend to have a higher risk of diabetes than those of similar weight with a pear-shaped body (excess fat carried mainly in the hips and thighs). A waist measurement of more than 100 cm in men and 95 cm in women suggests an increased risk getting nearer to disease.

Wrong way and sedentary lifestyle are the main causes for accumulation of fat. Being overweight means increased insulin resistance, that is if body fat is more than 30%, BMI 25+, waist grith 35 inches in women or 40 inches in males.Disease infection due to accumulation of fat is one of the formost cause in todays generations.

• Stress: Either physical injury or emotional disturbance (Tregedy )is blamed as the initial cause of the disease and to some extent this is true in case of new and younger generation. Any disturbance in Cortiosteroid or ACTH therapy may lead to clinical signs of the diseases.

• Drug Induced: Clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone (Risperdal),quetiapine (Seroquel) and ziprasidone (Geodon) are known to induce this lethal disease. Steroids diabetes is caused due to high dosages of glucocorticoids.

• Cystic Fibrosis or Pancreatitis: Extensive damage to pancreas or development of cyst or fibrosis lead to diabetes.

• Infection: Some of the Strephylococci are suppose to be responsible factor for infection in pancreas.Genetic mutation can lead to defects in beta cell function leading to grow with the disease.

• Sex: It is commonly seen in elderly especially males but strong evidence of developing diabetes in females with multiple pregnancy has been observed or in females suffering from (PCOS) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome where extensive damage to pancreas can lead to the disease.

• Hypertension: As this is very clearly mentioned that obesity is a major cause and accumulation of fat lead to hypertension and disturbances in lipid hence establishes a relationship between hypertension and diabetes.It had been reported in many studies that there is direct relation between high systolic pressure and diabetes and Serum lipids and lipoproteins : High triglyceride and cholesterol level in the blood are related to high blood sugars. Even 60% of people having undiagnosed diabetes are having high blood pressure.

Major and initial symptions are Polyurea (Excessive Urination), Polyphagia (Excessive Hunger) and Polydipsia(Increased thirst).Type 1 diabetes may start loose extensive weight even with normal eating or excessive eating.Whereas in case of Type II diabetes symptions may develop slowly or absent completely or may take months and year to develop comparative to Type I.Patient usually with Type I amy also initially represent with extensive state of Metabolic dysregulation charecterized with smell of acetone and deep breathing, Polyurea, Vomiting, Nosea and Abdominal Pain.In such a case patient immediately require hospitalisation.

The most consistent symptom of diabetes mellitus (Type I and II) is elevated blood sugar levels. In Type I (insulin dependent / early onset) diabetes, this is caused by the body not producing enough insulin to properly regulate blood sugar. In Type II (non insulin dependent/adult onset) diabetes, it is caused by the body developing resistance to insulin, so it cannot properly use what it produces.

However, high blood sugar is not something you can see in the mirror at home, so it is
useful to know the side-effects of high blood sugar, which are commonly recognized as the noticeable symptoms of diabetes.

Some of the common 'early warning' signs of diabetes are:
• The first symptom of diabetes is often excessive thirst (Polydipsia).

• Excessive hunger (you know you've eaten "enough" but are still hungry all the time) (Polyphagia)

• Frequent urination (often noticed because you must wake up repeatedly during the night) (Polyurea)

• Tiredness and fatigue (possibly severe enough to make you fall asleep unexpectedly after meals), one of the most common symptoms of diabetes.

• Rapid and / or sudden weight loss especially in case of Type I diabetes but may also occur in Type II also. If diabetes is suspected, tested for, and diagnosed when those symptoms first start appearing, other more serious symptoms of advanced diabetes can often be prevented or have their onset significantly delayed through diet, exercise and proper blood sugar management.

However, often the 'minor' symptoms of diabetes go unrecognized, and physical and neurological problems may arise, resulting in some of the following symptoms:

• Blurred vision (diabetes can lead to macular degeneration and eventual blindness)

• Numbness and/or tingling in the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy, a symptom of diabetes, causes nerve damage in the extremities)

• Slow healing of minor scratches and wounds (diabetes often leads to impaired immune system function)

• Recurrent or hard-to-treat yeast infections in women (another sign of impaired immune function)

• Dry or itchy skin (peripheral neuropathy also affects circulation)

You have a higher risk for diabetes if you have any of the following:


• Age greater than 45 years
• diabetes during a previous pregnancy
• Excess body weight (especially around the waist)
• Family history of diabetes
• Given birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
• HDL cholesterol under 35
• High blood levels of triglycerides, a type of fat molecule (250 mg/dL or more)
• High blood pressure (greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg)
• Impaired glucose tolerance
• Low activity level
• Poor diet

Complications of diabetes are generally subdivided into two categories; short-term and long-term. Short-term complications arise daily and can be serious if you don't know how to treat them. Everyone responds a little differently to changes in their blood glucose levels, so it's important to know what's "normal" for you, so you can look for signs and can take action if necessary.

Common short-term complications include:

Hypoglycemia: When blood glucose levels are too low, it's called hypoglycemia. People who don't have diabetes can still experience low blood glucose levels. Know the symptoms and how to treat it.

Hyperglycemia: When blood glucose levels are high, it's called hyperglycemia. Know the symptoms and how to treat it. Sick days - Illness can impact blood glucose levels. Test more frequently and make sure you know how to adjust your diabetes routine when you're feeling under the weather. Ketones - If you have type 1 diabetes, your body may produce ketones (acids) and release them into the blood and urine when too little insulin is present. They are a warning that blood glucose levels may be out of control. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - If you have type 1 diabetes, large amounts of ketones and dangerously high blood glucose levels can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis, a medical emergency.

The longer someone lives with diabetes, however, the greater the chance of developing long-term complications. There are many factors that contribute to long-term complications. Trying to control blood sugar level within limits with uncontrolled food habits may lead to unknown cardiovascular disease.

Common long-term complications include:

A person with diabetes may be more likely to have:

• A heart attack or stroke
• Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
• Impaired vision and blindness
• Decreased circulation (peripheral vascular disease)
• Foot problems and amputations
• Nerve problems
• Kidney disease
• Frequent infections
• Sexual problems

Factors that contribute to long-term diabetes complications. High blood glucose levels damage both small and large blood vessels. High blood glucose levels cause the inside wall of the blood vessel to thicken. Over time, the small vessels of the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, and the large vessels leading to the heart, head, arms, and legs can become so damaged that oxygen and other nutrients cannot reach the areas in need. Uncontrolled blood pressure worsens the effect of high blood glucose on both large and small blood vessels. Ongoing preventive care with an emphasis on good blood glucose control and control of blood pressure and lipids, has been shown to significantly delay the development of long term complications.